INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/sparc. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document Quick install notes for the impatient What is NetBSD? Dedication Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases Installation and Partitioning Changes Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 9.1 Release Contents NetBSD/sparc subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/sparc System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported machines Machines not supported by NetBSD/sparc Supported devices Unsupported devices Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Configuring your PROM Determining how to access your SCSI disk from the PROM Determining how to boot from an SBUS card Deciding on partition sizes Configuration of network interfaces Installing the NetBSD System Installing NetBSD by placing a bootable file system on a partitioned hard drive Installing NetBSD by using a bootable CD-ROM Installing NetBSD by using the bootable floppies Installing NetBSD by using a netboot setup Installing NetBSD by using a bootable tape Running the installation scripts Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 9.1 on the _s_p_a_r_c platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally presented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. QQuuiicckk iinnssttaallll nnootteess ffoorr tthhee iimmppaattiieenntt This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 9.1 on a machine of the sparc archi- tecture. ++oo Fetch files needed to install NetBSD. Fetch a CD image, _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_s_p_a_r_c_._i_s_o or the floppy disk images, _s_p_a_r_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_d_i_s_k_1_._g_z and _s_p_a_r_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_d_i_s_k_2. You need either the pair of floppies or the CD to boot your system. Alternatively, you may netboot the installation kernel. This process is covered below, in detail. ++oo The actual binary distribution is in the _s_p_a_r_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s_/ directory. When you boot the install floppies or CD-ROM, the installation program can fetch these files for you (using, e.g., ftp) if you have a network connection. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need the following sets: _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z, _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z and _e_t_c_._t_g_z. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. ++oo Make sure your sparc's CD-ROM drive is bootable. Burn the CD. Otherwise, write the floppy images directly to a pair of floppies (after uncompressing disk1.gz). The media you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. ++oo You will need to get to the OpenBoot PROM ``ookk'' prompt. After your system first powers on and displays some ini- tial information, press the STOP-A keys, or send a BREAK if you're on a serial console. At the ``ookk'' prompt, type the command to boot your system into NetBSD. The command to boot from CD is one of the following commands (depending on your model): ``bb ssdd((,,3300,,))'', ``bboooott ssdd((,,3300,,))'', or ``bboooott ccddrroomm''. The command to boot from floppy is either ``bboooott ffdd((,,,,11))'' or ``bboooott ffllooppppyy''. The installer will prompt you to insert the second floppy when it is ready for it. ++oo For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD distribution, you will want to explore the ppkkggssrrcc package management system, which contains thousands of third party software applications. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the Univer- sity of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 9.1 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with pre- liminary support for the others included in source form. Please see the NetBSD _w_e_b_s_i_t_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for information on them. NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. DDeeddiiccaattiioonn NetBSD 9.0 is dedicated to the memory of Matthias Drochner, who passed away in August 2018 and Eric Schnoebelen, who passed away in March 2019. Matthias' technical contributions are too many to list here in full. He was a long term contributor and commited more than 3000 changes all over the NetBSD source tree and lately was especially active in keeping some of our most weired ancient VME architectures in shape. Eric was a long term pkgsrc developer and well known commu- nity member. Beyond their technical contributions, Eric and Matthias were always helpful and friendly. Their example encouraged users to contribute to the project and share their work with the community. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 88 aanndd 99 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 9.1 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user- land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive devel- opment that went into the NetBSD 9.1 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the following files: _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._1_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..11 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 9.1 release tree. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _C_h_a_n_g_e_s The sysinst installation program has been reworked for this release. It now supports arbitrary big disks and offers GPT parti- tions as alternative to MBR/fdisk partitions on a lot archi- tectures. Unfortunately it has not been tested on all hardware sup- ported by NetBSD. If you have problems partitioning the target disk or installing the system, please report bugs with as much details as possible. See the Administrivia section below on how to report bugs or contact other users and ask for support. FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: ++oo groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as _t_e_x_t_p_r_o_c_/_g_r_o_f_f. TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn// SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to _m_i_r_r_o_r_s_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 99..11 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 9.1 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_/ CHANGES Changes between the 8.0 and 9.0 releases. CHANGES-9.0 Changes between the initial 9.0 branch and final release of 9.0. CHANGES-9.1 Changes between the 9.0 and the 9.1 release. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. _i_m_a_g_e_s_/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 9.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 9.1 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 9.1 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_s_p_a_r_c _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The sparc-specific portion of the NetBSD 9.1 release is found in the _s_p_a_r_c subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_/_s_p_a_r_c_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._M_P_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. This kernel sup- ports SMP on systems with more than one CPU. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___S_C_S_I_3_._g_z A kernel with SCSI ID 3 explicitly mapped to sd0. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_K_R_U_P_S_._g_z A kernel for JavaStation- NC (Krups) machines. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_M_R_C_O_F_F_E_E_._g_z A kernel for JavaStation-1 (Mr. Coffee) machines using Open Boot Prom firmware. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_M_R_C_O_F_F_E_E___O_F_W_._g_z A kernel for JavaStation-1 (Mr. Coffee) machines using OpenFirmware. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___S_U_N_4_U_._g_z A kernel which supports sparc64 hardware in 32-bit mode only. See the sparc64 INSTALL notes for help installing this ker- nel on your sparc64 hard- ware. _s_e_t_s_/ sparc binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _b_o_o_t_f_s_/ Netbootable RAM disk kernel and the file system in the RAM disk; see below. _f_l_o_p_p_y_/ sparc boot and installation flop- pies; see below. _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_/ sparc miniroot file system image; see below. _n_e_t_b_o_o_t_/ Netboot bootloader and root filesystem with install tools; see below. _t_a_p_e_/ sparc boot and installation tapes; see below. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD sparc binary distribution sets contain the bina- ries which comprise the NetBSD 9.1 release for sparc. The binary distribution sets can be found in the _s_p_a_r_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.1 distribu- tion tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 9.1 sparc bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. ddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during develope- ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. eettcc This distribution set contains the system configu- ration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.1 GENERIC kernel named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..MMPP This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.1 GENERIC.MP kernel, which will use multiple processors (if present), named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC__SSCCSSII33 This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.1 GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel, which will set SCSI ID 3 to sd0, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC__SSUUNN44UU This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.1 GENERIC_SUN4U kernel, which supports only UltraSPARC systems in 32 bit mode, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. kkeerrnn--KKRRUUPPSS This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.1 KRUPS kernel, which supports the JavaStation-NC, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. kkeerrnn--MMRRCCOOFFFFEEEE This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.1 MRCOFFE ker- nel, which which supports the OpenBOOT PROM 2 JavaStation-1, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. kkeerrnn--MMRRCCOOFFFFEEEE__OOFFWW This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.1 MRCOFFE_OFW kernel, which which supports the OpenFirmware JavaStation-1, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the man- ual pages that are included in the other sets. mmiisscc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. mmoodduulleess This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. rreessccuuee This set includes the statically linked emergency recover binaries installed in _/_r_e_s_c_u_e. tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil- ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xxddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during developement. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xxsseerrvveerr The X server. This includes Xsun, Xsun24, XsunMono and Xvfb servers with man pages. The sparc binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. _N_o_t_e_: The distribution cannot be extracted using the SunOS ttaarr program _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the sparc binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source dis- tribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//ssppaarrcc SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess The minimum configuration requires 4 MB of RAM and 140 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires consider- ably more space, and more RAM to achieve reasonable perfor- mance. NetBSD with 4 MB of RAM feels like Solaris with 4 MB of RAM -- slow. Note that until you have around 16 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU. _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_a_c_h_i_n_e_s ++oo sun4 -- 4/100 -- 4/200 -- 4/300 -- 4/400 ++oo sun4c -- SPARCstation/server 1 -- SPARCstation/server 1+ -- SPARCstation/server 2 -- IPC -- ELC -- IPX -- SLC ++oo sun4c clones -- Aries Parrot II -- Opus/5000 -- Opus/5250 -- FORCE Sparc CPU1e/4 -- FORCE Sparc CPU2e/4 (and possibly more) _N_o_t_e_: NetBSD doesn't support the VME interface on the FORCE models ++oo sun4m -- 4/600 -- SPARC Classic -- SPARC LX -- SPARCstation 4 -- SPARCstation/server 5 -- SPARCstation/server 10 -- SPARCstation/server 20 -- SPARCstation Voyager -- JavaStation-1 (Mr. Coffee) -- JavaStation-NC (Krups) _N_o_t_e_: All known SuperSPARC, hyperSPARC, microSPARC, and TurboSPARC CPUs are sup- ported ++oo sun4m clones -- Axil 245 -- Axil 311 -- Axil 320 -- Cycle C C Cycle 5-IP -- DTKstation/Classic+ -- RDI PowerLite-85 -- RDI PowerLite-110 -- RDI BriteLite -- Ross sparc 20 -- Transtec SS5/170 -- Tatung microCOMPstation 5 -- Twinhead TWINstation 5G -- TWS SuperCOMPstation-20S -- Tadpole SPARCbook 3 series (and possibly more) _M_a_c_h_i_n_e_s _n_o_t _s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _b_y _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_s_p_a_r_c ++oo sun4d -- SPARCcenter 1000 -- SPARCcenter 2000 ++oo sun4u and other UltraSPARC based machines in 64-bit mode. They are supported in 32-bit mode with the NetBSD/sparc _G_E_N_E_R_I_C___S_U_N_4_U kernel. UltraSPARC based machines in 32-bit or 64-bit mode are supported by the NetBSD/sparc64 port. Refer to hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//ssppaarrcc6644//iinnddeexx..hhttmmll ++oo Solbourne machines _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo sun4m mbus CPU modules; Sun 4/600, SPARCsta- tion/server 10, SPARCstation/server 20, and clones -- _c_p_u_0; All single-CPU systems are sup- ported -- _c_p_u_N; All hardware compatible dual-, tri- and quad-CPU SuperSPARC-I, Super- SPARC-II, and hyperSPARC systems are supported with the SMP kernel (_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._M_P) hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//ssppaarrcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ssmmpp--ccppuuss ++oo sun4c and sun4m video; Sbus card, on-board, or optional -- _b_w_t_w_o; 1 bpp framebuffer. On-board and Sbus card (MG1 and MG2) -- _c_g_t_h_r_e_e; 8 bpp framebuffer. On-board and Sbus card -- _c_g_s_i_x; 8 bpp accelerated framebuffer. On-board and Sbus card (GX, GX+, TGX, and TGX+) -- _c_g_f_o_u_r_t_e_e_n; SX 24 bpp accelerated frame- buffer. On-board SPARCstation 10SX and SPARCsta- tion 20, requires optional 4 or 8 MB VSIMM, limited to _c_g_t_h_r_e_e emulation -- _t_c_x; S24 accelerated color framebuffer. On-board SPARCstation 4 (8 bpp), JavaS- tation-1 (24 bpp), and optional on SPARCstation 5 (24 bpp), limited to _c_g_t_h_r_e_e emulation -- _p_n_o_z_z; Weitek p9100 24 bpp accelerated framebuffer. On-board Tadpole SPARCbook 3GS and 3GX, limited to _c_g_t_h_r_e_e emulation -- _z_x; ZX and TZX 24 bpp accelerated frame- buffer. Sbus card (leo) limited to text console (no X) -- _i_g_s_f_b; 24 bpp IGS C1682 accelerated framebuffer. On-board JavaStation-NC limited to text console (no X) ++oo sun4 video; VME card, on-board, or P4 (supported only on 4/100 and 4/300 series machines) -- _b_w_t_w_o; 1 bpp framebuffer. On-board and P4 -- _c_g_t_w_o; 8 bpp framebuffer. VME card -- _c_g_f_o_u_r; 8 bpp framebuffer with overlay. P4 -- _c_g_s_i_x; LEGO 8 bpp accelerated frame- buffer. P4 -- _c_g_e_i_g_h_t; TC 24 bpp framebuffer with overlay. P4 (not well tested) ++oo Network interfaces -- _b_e; 100 Mbps half-duplex ``Big Mac'' ethernet. Sbus card -- _e_n; Efficient Networks, Inc. ATM inter- face. Sbus card -- _h_m_e; 100 Mbps full-duplex ``Happy Meal'' ethernet. On-board (JavaStation-NC) and Sbus card This hardware is not supported on the sun4c platform -- _i_e; 10 Mbps Intel 82586 ethernet. On-board (4/100 and 4/200, may not be working properly on 4/400) and VME card -- _l_e; 10 Mbps AMD 9790 Lance ethernet. On-board (4/300, sun4c, and sun4m) and Sbus card -- _q_e_c; One 100 Mbps be interface and four 10 Mbps Mace ethernet interfaces. Sbus card -- _q_f_e; four 100 Mbps full-duplex ``Happy Meal'' ethernet interfaces. Sbus card -- misc: various ethernet interfaces are found on multi-function Sbus cards (e.g. along with SCSI), the ethernet inter- faces work even if the other functions do not ++oo SCSI interfaces -- _e_s_p; 5 MB/s and 10 MB/s (Fast) NCR 53C9x SCSI controller, and 20 MB/s (Fast+Wide) FAS336 controller (known as `fas' on Solaris). On-board (sun4c, sun4m, 4/300, Ultra 1e, and Ultra 2) and Sbus cards -- _i_s_p; 10 MB/s (Fast) and 20 MB/s (Fast+Wide) Qlogic ISP 10x0 family. Sbus card -- _s_i; 5 MB/s NCR 5380 SCSI controller. VME card (Interrupt driven and polled DMA) -- _s_w; 5 MB/s NCR 5380 ``SCSI Weird'' con- troller. Onboard 4/110 (polled DMA only) -- misc: SCSI functionality is sometimes found on multi-function Sbus cards (e.g. along with ethernet), the SCSI _e_s_p and _i_s_p portions of those cards should work, even if the other functions do not. _N_o_t_e_: Non-Sun SCSI CD-ROMs may have trouble booting any OS, NetBSD or otherwise. Your CD-ROM must sup- port 512 byte blocks for the OpenBoot PROM to load a file. Most newer CD-ROM drives support this automatically, and many older drives allow you to set it using a jumper. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..eebbssiinncc..ccoomm//ssoollaarriiss//ssuunnccddrroomm..hhttmmll for information on bootable CD- ROMs ++oo VME disk interfaces -- _x_d; Xylogics 7053 VME/SMD disk controller -- _x_y; Xylogics 450/451 VME disk controller _N_o_t_e_: VME/IPI disks are not supported ++oo Floppy drives -- _f_d; floppy disk drive. On-board sun4c and sun4m -- _s_d; SCSI floppy drive, acts as a SCSI drive to kernel. found with some SPARCbook 3 machines ++oo PCMCIA/Cardbus devices -- _n_e_l_l; PCMCIA interface On-board (SPARCstation Voyager) and Sbus card. All devices listed in the Machine-independent PCMCIA drivers page should work, but very few have been tested with NetBSD/sparc. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//ppccmmcciiaa..hhttmmll _N_o_t_e_: See the FAQ for more information. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//ssppaarrcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##nneellll ++oo Serial interfaces -- _z_s; Zilog 8530 serial ports, which can be used as the system console On-board sun4, sun4c, and sun4m -- _c_o_m; Zilog 85C30 serial ports (ns16550a) On-board Tadpole SPARCbook 3GS and 3GX (internal 14.4 kbps modem, use _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y_C_0) JavaStation-1, and JavaSta- tion-NC ++oo Input devices -- Sun keyboard and mouse -- SPARCbook 3 keyboard and joystick -- Third-party keyboards, mice, and trackballs -- PS/2 keyboards and mice on JavaStation models ++oo Audio interfaces -- _a_u_d_i_o_a_m_d; AMD 7930-based 8000 Hz, 8 bit, mono, mu-law. On-board sun4c and SPARC Classic -- _a_u_d_i_o_c_s; CS4231-based 44 KHz, 16 bit, stereo, PCM. On-board SPARCStation 5, JavaStation-1, JavaStation-NC, and optional on SPARC- Station 4. ++oo Misc cards -- _m_t_t_y _/ _m_b_p_p; Magma Serial/Parallel ports. Sbus card -- _x_b_o_x; Sun Sbus expander device ++oo Parallel ports -- _b_p_p; Bi-directional parallel port. On-board and Sbus card _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo DBRIe-based audio and ISDN. On-board some sun4m machines (such as SPARCstation 10, SPARCstation 20, SPARC LX, SPARCstation Voy- ager, and Tadpole SPARCbook 3) ++oo _s_c; Sun SCSI. VME card ++oo _c_g_t_w_e_l_v_e; I.e. GS, 24 bpp framebuffer. Sbus card ++oo PCMCIA interface On-board Tadpole SPARCbook 3GS and 3GX GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa Installation is supported from several media types, includ- ing: ++oo CD-ROM / DVD / USB-stick ++oo FTP ++oo Remote NFS partition ++oo Tape ++oo Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below. _C_D_-_R_O_M _/ _D_V_D _/ _U_S_B_-_s_t_i_c_k Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD-ROM, DVD or USB stick. Likely locations are _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s and _s_p_a_r_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s. (You only need to know this if you are mixing installer and installation media from different versions - the installer will know the proper default location for the sets it comes with). Proceed to the instructions on installation. _F_T_P The preparations for this instal- lation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your net- work, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrad- ing. _N_F_S Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a direc- tory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modify- ing the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the informa- tion mentioned above, you can pro- ceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _T_a_p_e To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easiest way to do so is probably something like: # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e _d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s where _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e is the name of the tape device that represents the tape drive you're using. This might be _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to system. In the above example, _d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s is a list of filenames corresponding to the distribution sets that you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC,, bbaassee,, and eettcc distributions on tape (the absolute minimum required for installation), you would do the following: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--99..11 # ccdd ssppaarrcc//bbiinnaarryy # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..ttggzz bbaassee..ttggzz eettcc..ttggzz _N_o_t_e_: You still need to fill in _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installa- tion, go directly to the section on upgrading. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _P_R_O_M Before you start, you should configure your PROM. There are three categories of PROM: ``sunmon'' (sometimes called Restricted Prompt, sun monitor, or old command mode), Open- Boot PROM 1, and OpenBoot PROM 2. The sun4 machines only have sunmon. Some of the early sun4c models default to sun- mon but have OpenBoot PROM 1. The later sun4c models and all sun4m models have OpenBoot PROM 2. First, you need to stop your system from automatically boot- ing when powered on. Pressing the STOP key (sometimes called the L1 key, found on the left side of your keyboard) and the a key will halt your system and give you a PROM prompt. If you are using a Tadpole SPARCbook, you press the Pause and a keys. If you are using a serial console, send a ``BREAK'' signal from your terminal (the method of sending ``BREAK'' varies from terminal to terminal). If the ethernet address of your sparc system is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, then your NVRAM battery is dead and you will have trouble using ethernet (among other problems). Read the _S_u_n _N_V_R_A_M_/_H_o_s_t_i_d _F_A_Q_: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ssqquuiirrrreell..ccoomm//ssqquuiirrrreell//ssuunn--nnvvrraamm--hhoossttiidd..ffaaqq..hhttmmll. If you have a valid ethernet address and you plan to net- boot, write down your system's ethernet address. Next, you should set your system to always use the OpenBoot PROM (sometimes called ``new command mode'') if it defaults to sunmon. The NetBSD kernel relies on some of the function- ality provided by the OpenBoot PROM. If your machine gives you a `>' prompt instead of an `ok' prompt, type: > nn ok sseetteennvv ssuunnmmoonn--ccoommppaatt?? ffaallssee ok Next, if you are using any security features of OpenBoot PROM, you should turn them off -- NetBSD can't deal well with this. ok sseetteennvv sseeccuurriittyy--mmooddee nnoonnee If you are using a serial console, the NetBSD/sparc installer defaults to using 9600 bps, 8N1 settings. You may want to configure your system and serial terminal like this prior to booting the installer. Additionally, a new instal- lation of NetBSD/sparc will default to these settings as well. The OpenBoot PROM 1 machines (SPARCstation/server 1, SPARC- station/server 1+, IPC, and SLC) have an odd SCSI quirk you should be aware of. There are three SCSI addressing schemes used by your system: SCSI target ID (set by physical jumpers on the device), PROM `unit' number (set by OpenBoot PROM 1, based on its SCSI target ID), and the name you reference within an operating system (set by the kernel, based on the PROM `unit' number). Sun shipped these systems with the internal drives set to SCSI target IDs 3 and 1. The default value of the OpenBoot PROM variable `sd-targets' is `31204567.' This variable maps how the OpenBoot PROM 1 assigns `unit' numbers based on the SCSI target ID. Thus the device at SCSI target ID 3 is con- sidered `unit' 0, and the SCSI device at target ID 0 is `unit' 3. When you type ``bboooott ssccssii((00,,00,,00))'', the OpenBoot PROM will boot from `unit' 0 (which is SCSI target ID 3, the internal hard drive). The SunOS kernel is hard-wired to map sd0 to SCSI target 3, and sd3 to SCSI target 0. _P_R_O_M _U_n_i_t_# _S_C_S_I _T_a_r_g_e_t _S_u_n_O_S _n_a_m_e 0 3 sd0 1 1 sd1 2 2 sd2 3 0 sd3 4 4 st0 5 5 st1 6 6 cdrom The NetBSD/sparc GENERIC kernel does not wire things down as does SunOS. It names the disks in the order that the SCSI targets are probed (01234567). If you only have one disk, it is always sd0 regardless of its SCSI target ID or its PROM `unit' number, and there are no problems. If you have two disks, one at SCSI ID 2 (`unit' 2) and SCSI ID 3 (`unit' 0), then they are recognized as sd0 and sd1 respectively. This can be a problem if you are not aware of it, particularly when creating an fstab. There are two approaches to fixing this problem: changing the mapping that OpenBoot PROM 1 does, and changing the NetBSD kernel configuration. To get OpenBoot PROM 1 to num- ber the SCSI `unit' numbers the same as the SCSI target IDs, you need to run this command: ok sseetteennvv ssdd--ttaarrggeettss 0011223344556677 This may, however, cause problems if you were to later attempt to use SunOS on this machine or if you reset the OpenBoot PROM variables. The other approach is to use a NetBSD kernel that matches the PROM's odd target mapping by treating `unit' 0 (i.e. SCSI target ID 3) as sd0 and `unit' 3 (i.e. SCSI target ID 0) as sd3. The GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel performs this target mapping, but the GENERIC and INSTALL kernels do not. _N_o_t_e_: This is also a concern when you start building your own customised kernels. The machines with OpenBoot PROM 2 (SPARCstation/server 2, ELC, IPX, and all sun4m models) have a similar SCSI target mapping in the form of a ddeevvaalliiaass entry. That is, the device alias ddiisskk is shorthand for the disk at SCSI ID 3 on the internal SCSI controller. Normally, the ddiisskk device alias is what the PROM uses as the default boot device, i.e. in the absence of a _d_e_v_i_c_e argument to the bboooott command. Note that there are also pre-configured device alias entries for ddiisskk00,, ddiisskk11,, ddiisskk22 and ddiisskk33, which are in fact a one- to-one mapping to the SCSI targets 00 to 33 (all on the internal SCSI controller). Again, it may be advantageous to use a fixed ``SCSI target'' to ``NetBSD disk unit'' mapping in your kernel configura- tion file (such as is done in the GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel) to ensure that your disks remain showing up at the same NetBSD device unit numbers even if you add disks to your system at a later time. _D_e_t_e_r_m_i_n_i_n_g _h_o_w _t_o _a_c_c_e_s_s _y_o_u_r _S_C_S_I _d_i_s_k _f_r_o_m _t_h_e _P_R_O_M sunmon and OpenBoot PROM 1 use an archaic sd(_c_,_u_,_p)) syntax to address SCSI devices. OpenBoot PROM 2 uses a more intu- itive syntax using device aliases. To calculate the parameters for sunmon and OpenBoot PROM 1: _c specifies the SCSI controller number (first is 0, second is 1, ...) _u the hexadecimal number obtained from evaluating the expression _(_8 _* _T_A_R_G_E_T_) _+ _L_U_N _p the partition number from which to boot (`0' = `a', `1' = `b', etc.) Therefore, to boot from the swap partition on the internal hard drive (first SCSI bus, target 0, lun 0, partition 1), one would use: ok bboooott ssdd((00,,00,,11)) To boot from a CD-ROM (first SCSI bus, target 6, lun 0, par- tition dynamically determined), one would use: ok bboooott ssdd((00,,3300,,)) And, to boot from a kernel named netbsd-GENERIC on the fourth partition (`d', often the _/_u_s_r partition) on an external hard drive (first SCSI bus, target 2, lun 0, parti- tion 3), one would use: ok bboooott ssdd((00,,1100,,33))nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC Now, for OpenBoot PROM 2, SCSI devices are specified by an OpenBOOT ddeevvaalliiaass which provides simple mnemonics for the full path to the device. Type ddeevvaalliiaass in OpenBoot PROM 2 to get a list of all of the available aliases. Just the alias and partition are necessary when booting. Therefore, to boot from the swap partition on the internal hard drive (OpenBoot PROM 2 assumes the internal hard drive is at target 3), one would use: ok bboooott ddiisskk::bb To boot from a CD-ROM (OpenBoot PROM 2 assumes the CD-ROM is at target 6), one would use: ok bboooott ccddrroomm And, to boot from a kernel named netbsd-GENERIC on the fourth partition (`d', often the _/_u_s_r partition) on an external hard drive (target 2, partition 3), one would use: ok bboooott ddiisskk22::dd nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC The full device path specifier for OpenBoot PROM 2 depends on how OpenBoot PROM 2 recognizes your SCSI controller. Typ- ically, one would use something like: _/_s_b_u_s_/_e_s_p_/_s_d_@_t_,_p where t is the SCSI target and p is the partition number. _D_e_t_e_r_m_i_n_i_n_g _h_o_w _t_o _b_o_o_t _f_r_o_m _a_n _S_B_U_S _c_a_r_d Some SBUS cards have firmware that lets you use them as a boot device. These cards do not automatically create a ddeevvaalliiaass entry, so you must traverse the device tree to fig- ure out what the OpenBoot PROM calls your card. You will be using OpenBoot PROM commands at the `ok' prompt. First `cd' to the top of the device tree and list the nodes there. The following is the procedure to boot from an HME card in a SPARC Classic. ok ccdd // ok llss ffd3b790 TI,TMS390S10@0,f8fffffc ffd2d254 virtual-memory@0,0 ffd2d198 memory@0,0 ffd2b65c obio ffd2b310 iommu@0,10000000 ffd2b2a0 openprom ffd24af0 aliases ffd24abc options ffd24a88 packages Usually, you can simply type in the name before the at (@) sign and the OpenBoot PROM will fill in the rest. ok ccdd iioommmmuu ok llss ffd2b454 sbus@0,10001000 ok ccdd ssbbuuss ok llss ffd467e8 cgthree@3,0 ffd42a1c SUNW,hme@1,8c00000 ffd4297c le@0,c00000 ffd40d28 ledma@4,8400010 ffd40c9c SUNW,bpp@4,c800000 ffd40c00 audio@4,1300000 ffd3dc68 espdma@4,8400000 ok ccdd SSUUNNWW,,hhmmee ok llss ok ppwwdd /iommu@0,10000000/sbus@0,10001000/SUNW,hme@1,8c00000 OK, now we know the path to the HME device in this example. Now, we need to determine if it's capable of booting. If it is, it will have the wwoorrdd `open'. ok wwoorrddss reset seek load open close watch-net selftest obp-selftest write read preamble-32 enable-link-pulse disable-link-pulse force-speeds reset-transceiver use-bit-bang-mode use-frame-mode dump-phys transfer-speed=10 transfer-speed=100 mii-write mii-read create-rev-id Great! Also, in case you're interested in further details about your hardware, you can use the `.attributes' command. ok ..aattttrriibbuutteess hm-rev 00000022 version 1.18 model SUNW,501-2919 device_type network intr 00000037 00000000 interrupts 00000004 address-bits 00000030 max-frame-size 00004000 reg 00000001 08c00000 00000108 00000001 08c02000 00002000 00000001 08c04000 00002000 00000001 08c06000 00002000 00000001 08c07000 00000020 name SUNW,hme ok So, when it's time to type in a boot command, use the short- ened version of the ppwwdd command. In this example, you'd type: ok bboooott //iioommmmuu//ssbbuuss//SSUUNNWW,,hhmmee And when the kernel is done booting, it may not automati- cally use your card as the root device -- you may need to type in the NetBSD/sparc name for that device: root on sd0a dumps on sd0b no file system for sd0 (dev 0x700) cannot mount root, error = 79 root device (default sd0a): ? use one of: fd0[a-h] le0 le1 hme0 sd0[a-h] halt root device (default sd0a): hhmmee00 dump device: hhmmee00 file system (default generic): nnffss root on hme0 _D_e_c_i_d_i_n_g _o_n _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n _s_i_z_e_s If you're installing NetBSD/sparc for the first time it's a good idea to look at the partition sizes of disk you intend installing NetBSD/sparc on. A minimal installation of NetBSD requires about 140 MB. A full installation requires considerably more. A good ini- tial size for the swap partition is twice the amount of physical memory in your machine (unlike SunOS 4.x, there are no restrictions on the size of the swap partition that would render part of your memory unusable). Note that there are limitations on the size of the root par- tition for various models. On sun4 machines, the NetBSD sparc boot loader can only boot from RAID partitions that start at the beginning of the disk. On sun4 and early PROM version sun4c machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 1Gb of the disk. On later PROM version sun4c and early PROM version sun4m machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 2Gb of the disk. On later PROM version sun4m machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 4Gb of the disk. _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n _o_f _n_e_t_w_o_r_k _i_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e_s Some network devices (i.e. the built-in _l_e interface on sun4m machines) allow a choice between operating on a UTP or a AUI port once the NetBSD kernel is running. The _l_e driver supports automatic detection of the port which is actually connected to the wire. Additionally, some of the Fast ether- net devices (such as _b_e, _h_m_e, _q_e_c, and _q_f_e) support selec- tion of various speeds and options. The default is to attempt to automatically detect the speed. If automatic detection is not available or not working prop- erly in your environment, you may have to specify the type connection using the mmeeddiiaa parameter of ifconfig(8). During installation, you'll get the opportunity to specify the appropriate medium. Use 10base5 or AUI to select the AUI connector, or 10baseT or UTP to select the UTP connector. Fast ethernet interfaces default to auto, which usually does not detect properly and runs at `10BaseT' speed. The options are 10baseT, 10baseTX, and auto. The _h_m_e and _q_f_e interfaces also allow 10baseT-FDX and 100baseT-FDX. IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it shouldn't be too much trouble. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your system. The easiest way is to use the _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s image copied to your local disk's swap partition or a scratch drive. If your Sparc is hooked up in a network, you may configure another UNIX-like machine as a netboot server for your Sparc. Alternatively, there is a pair of floppy images that will boot your system and run the installer. For more information on the commands and variables available in the OpenBoot PROM (present in all sun4c and sun4m machines), go to hhttttpp::////ddooccss..ssuunn..ccoomm and search for ``openboot reference'' (without quotes). _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _p_l_a_c_i_n_g _a _b_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m _o_n _a _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_e_d _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_/_m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s_._g_z is a compressed, self- contained NetBSD file system holding all utilities necessary to install NetBSD onto a disk attached to your system. It is distributed as a compressed plain file you will transfer to a raw disk partition. You will then boot this installer using the appropriate PROM command. The simplest case is where you place the _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s file system on the swap par- tition of your disk. Alternatively, you can place it on any other unused partition on any disk (such as a Zip disk). Be forewarned that you will not be able to install NetBSD onto the partition that contains the _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s as this parti- tion is needed during the install process. Loading the file system onto a raw partition is straightfor- ward. First, download _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s to your system. Next, reboot in single-user mode (i.e. bboooott --ss) to ensure that your system will not be swapping. Finally, place the _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s on your partition of choice. On NetBSD or SunOS the commands are: # gguunnzziipp mmiinniirroooott..ffss..ggzz # dddd iiff==mmiinniirroooott..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb bbss==44kk Here, /dev/rsd0b is assumed to be your swap partition. If you decide to place _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s on a non-swap partition, it will overwrite all of the contents of that partition, but you will not need to reboot into single-user mode to write it. After transferring the file system to disk, bring the system down by: # hhaalltt Then boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt (this example is for the swap partition): sunmon > bb ssdd((,,,,11))nneettbbssdd --ss OpenBoot PROM 1 ok bboooott ssdd((,,,,11))nneettbbssdd --ss OpenBoot PROM 2 ok bboooott ddiisskk::bb nneettbbssdd --ss The monitor boot command will load the NetBSD kernel con- tained in the file system image. After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _s_c_r_i_p_t_s_. below. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _a _b_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _C_D_-_R_O_M If you wish to burn a CD-R containing a bootable NetBSD installation, then you can either burn the prepared disk image in _i_m_a_g_e_s_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_s_p_a_r_c_._i_s_o or create your own. If you wish to create your own, you should follow the direc- tions on the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO at: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//bboooottccdd..hhttmmll##ssppaarrcciimmaaggee Once you have downloaded _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_s_p_a_r_c_._i_s_o or created your own disk image, then you need to burn it to a CD-R. The CD-ROM attached to your Sparc must support 512 byte sec- tors to be bootable. All Sun brand CD-ROMs will work, as well as many other manufacturers. See the Sun CD-ROM FAQ: hhttttpp::////ssaattuurrnn..ttlluugg..oorrgg//ssuunnccddffaaqq// Sun sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 6. We recommend you do the same. Boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt: sunmon > bb ssdd((,,3300,,)) OpenBoot PROM 1 ok bboooott ssdd((,,3300,,)) OpenBoot PROM 2 ok bboooott ccddrroomm After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _s_c_r_i_p_t_s_. below. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _t_h_e _b_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s The NetBSD install floppies only work on the sun4c and sun4m machines. Making the install floppies is fairly straight- forward. NetBSD and SunOS use the same commands. First, get two 1.44 MB floppy disks and format them either using the fdformat(8) command or a PC. # ffddffoorrmmaatt Be sure that the `fdformat' command completes successfully before proceeding; on NetBSD success is a string of all `V 's', and on SunOS success is a string of `. 's'. Next, transfer the two floppy images (_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_d_i_s_k_1_._g_z and _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_d_i_s_k_2) to the disks you just formatted. You can do this step from NetBSD, SunOS, or a Windows machine using rraawwrriittee..eexxee (available in the NetBSD/i386 distribution). Insert the first floppy and run the following commands: # gguunnzziipp ddiisskk11..ggzz # dddd iiff==ddiisskk11 ooff==//ddeevv//rrffdd00aa bbss==3366kk # eejjeecctt ffllooppppyy Insert the second floppy and run the following commands: # dddd iiff==ddiisskk22 ooff==//ddeevv//rrffdd00aa bbss==3366kk # eejjeecctt ffllooppppyy Note that disk2 may be a symlink to .tgz file; do not uncom- press it, just follow the instructions above, verbatim. After writing the two floppies, be sure to label them so you can later identify them. Insert the floppy made from _d_i_s_k_1 into your Sparc. From the OpenBoot prompt, boot the floppy with the following command: OpenBoot PROM 1 ok bboooott ffdd((,,,,11)) OpenBoot PROM 1 (alternate) ok bboooott //ffdd OpenBoot PROM 2 ok bboooott ffllooppppyy After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to insert the floppy labeled ``NetBSD disk2''. If the floppy is not automatically ejected, you can either use a straightened paperclip to eject the disk or do the following: Press the STOP key (sometimes called the L1 key, found on the left side of your keyboard) and the a key, which will halt your system and give you a PROM prompt. ok eejjeecctt ok ggoo Now, insert the floppy labeled disk2. After the installa- tion tools have been loaded, you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _s_c_r_i_p_t_s_. below. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _a _n_e_t_b_o_o_t _s_e_t_u_p 1. Introduction To netboot a sparc, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your sparc (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architec- ture) on your netboot server(s), the information pro- vided here should be sufficient to configure every- thing. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to configure the netboot services on a vari- ety of platforms: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott// You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your sys- tem entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, boot- strap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts executing the installation tools or init(8). All sparc systems except JavaStations with OpenFirmware PROM use a combi- nation of RARP and BOOTP for the discovery stage. In the past, these systems used RARP and BOOTPARAMS. JavaStations booting from OpenFirmware use DHCP. TFTP is used in the bootstrap phase to download the boot- strap program, _b_o_o_t_._n_e_t, which has been linked to a file name appropriate to the client's architecture and IP address as described in the TFTP section below. JavaStations with OpenFirmware need a special bootstrap program, _b_o_o_t_j_s_._n_e_t, which is a version of boot.net in ELF format. It is not linked to the IP address. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your _/_e_t_c_/_d_h_c_p_d_._c_o_n_f (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more informa- tion): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # # Only needed for JavaStations with OpenFirmware! # filename "bootjs.net"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } Note that for JavaStations booting from OpenFirmware you do not need the allow bootp; statement, since this machines use real DHCP. You will need to make sure that the _d_h_c_p_d_._l_e_a_s_e_s file exists. # ttoouucchh //vvaarr//ddbb//ddhhccppdd..lleeaasseess You will need to start the ddhhccppdd. If it's already run- ning, you will need to restart it to force it to re- read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//ddhhccppdd rreessttaarrtt 3. rarpd(8) Note: no rraarrppdd is needed to boot OpenFirmware based JavaStations. Create an _/_e_t_c_/_e_t_h_e_r_s file with the following line: CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC client Add your client to the server's _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s file: 192.168.1.10 client You will need to start the rraarrppdd. If it's already run- ning, you will need to restart it to force it to re- read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rraarrppdd rreessttaarrtt 4. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mmkkddiirr --pp //ttffttppbboooott Next, edit _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//iinneettdd rreessttaarrtt Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your sparc machine to _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t. Get _b_o_o_t_._n_e_t from the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_n_e_t_b_o_o_t directory of the distribution. # ccpp bboooott..nneett //ttffttppbboooott Now, you need to link _b_o_o_t_._n_e_t to the filename that your sparc will look for. It will look for a filename composed of the machine's IP address (in hexadecimal) followed by the machine's architecture, separated by a period. For example, a sun4c machine which has been assigned IP address 192.168.1.10, will make a TFTP request for _C_0_A_8_0_1_0_A_._S_U_N_4_C. You can use bc(1) to help calculate the filename: # bbcc oobbaassee==1166 119922 C0 116688 A8 11 1 1100 A qquuiitt # ccdd //ttffttppbboooott # llnn --ss bboooott..nneett CC00AA88001100AA..SSUUNN44CC For OpenFirmware based JavaStations you use the file _b_o_o_t_j_s_._n_e_t and do not create a symlink for the IP address. This machines do full DHCP autoconfiguration, so the bootstrap filename is provided by the DHCP server. Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # cchhmmoodd --RR aa++rrXX //ttffttppbboooott Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address: # aarrpp --ss cclliieenntt CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC 5. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mmkkddiirr --pp //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott Put the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rrppccbbiinndd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nnffssdd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt 6. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named _n_e_t_b_s_d in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t your client should boot the kernel. Use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z. # gguunnzziipp nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC..ggzz # mmvv nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//nneettbbssdd If you are netbooting the installer, copy the distribu- tion files to the client's root directory and extract the tools from _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_n_e_t_b_o_o_t_/_r_o_o_t_f_s_._t_g_z. # ccpp **..ttggzz //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff rroooottffss..ttggzz 7. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See _f_o_r _d_e_t_a_i_l_s_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//nnffss..hhttmmll. ++oo Extracting distribution sets # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//bbaassee..ttggzz # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//eettcc..ttggzz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. ++oo Set up swap # mmkkddiirr //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//sswwaapp # dddd iiff==//ddeevv//zzeerroo ooff==//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp bbss==44kk ccoouunntt==44kk # eecchhoo ''//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp --mmaapprroooott==rroooott::wwhheeeell cclliieenntt..tteesstt..nneett'' >>>> //eettcc//eexxppoorrttss # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. ++oo Create device nodes # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//ddeevv # ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. ++oo Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b with the following lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 ++oo Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. ++oo Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 8. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" rarpd=YES rarpd_flags="-a" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the _t_f_t_p_d line in _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f remains uncommented. Now, netboot your Sparc from the server by entering the appropriate bboooott command at the monitor prompt. Depending on the PROM version in your machine, this command takes one of the following forms: sunmon > bb llee(())nneettbbssdd OpenBoot PROM 1 ok bb llee(())nneettbbssdd OpenBoot PROM 2 ok bboooott nneett nneettbbssdd After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _s_c_r_i_p_t_s_. below. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _a _b_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _t_a_p_e Sun sets their tape drives to SCSI ID 4. We recommend you do the same. Get the tape images (_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_t_a_p_e_/_t_a_p_e_f_i_l_e_1_._g_z and _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_t_a_p_e_/_t_a_p_e_f_i_l_e_2) and transfer them to a tape. Make sure you use the `no rewind scsi tape' device. Run the following commands: # gguunnzziipp ttaappeeffiillee11..ggzz # mmtt --ff //ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 rreeww # dddd iiff==ttaappeeffiillee11 ooff==//ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 bbss==44kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc # dddd iiff==ttaappeeffiillee22 ooff==//ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 bbss==44kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc Now you can transfer the NetBSD 9.1. distribution sets from (_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s) to the tape by using a series of additional # dddd iiff==<>..ttggzz ooff==//ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 bbss==44kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc commands. See also the section _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n _t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a_. Be sure to mark the location of these files on the tape; you'll need them during the installation proce- dure. Insert the tape into your Sparc's tapestation. Boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt: sunmon > bb sstt(()) OpenBoot PROM 1 ok bboooott sstt(()) OpenBoot PROM 2 ok bboooott ttaappee After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to confirm the tape device and tape file number containing the instal- lation tools. Then, proceed to the section _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _s_c_r_i_p_t_s_. below. _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _s_c_r_i_p_t_s The first thing that the installation scripts will inquire about is the type of console you're using on your machine. If you're using a Sun frame buffer display, choose the ter- minal type ssuunn (this is presented as the default). _N_o_t_e_: if your frame buffer device is a cgsix Sbus board, you should change the terminal type to ssuunn--ccggssiixx to avoid triggering a bug in the board's firmware code that can garble your screen. If you're using a terminal device connected to a serial port, choose a terminal type appropriate for that device, e.g. vvtt110000 or vvtt220000. Next, you will be presented with a choice of two installa- tion methods: a new full-screen ssyyssiinnsstt program, or the tra- ditional script-based mmiinniirroooott program. The ssyyssiinnsstt program is easier to use, but the mmiinniirroooott program is more flexible. Both of these installation methods will follow the same set of procedures and will fully install NetBSD on your Sparc. You will frequently be asked for confirmation before the system proceeds with each phase of the installation process. Occasionally, you will have to provide a piece of informa- tion such as the name of the disk you want to install on, partitioning information, or IP addresses and domain names you want to assign. If your system has more than one disk, you may want to look at the output of the dmesg(8) command to see how your disks have been identified by the kernel. _N_o_t_e_: If you repartition a hard drive, be certain that every partition starts on a cylinder boundary for compatibility with the Sparc ROM. The installation script goes through the following phases: ++oo determination of the disk on which to install NetBSD ++oo checking/creation of the partition information on the disk ++oo creating and mounting the NetBSD file systems ++oo setup of network configuration ++oo extraction of the distribution tar files ++oo installation of bootstrap programs Now try a reboot. Initially we'd suggest you bboooott ssdd(())nneettbbssdd --bbss, then try multiuser after that. If you boot single-user the NetBSD incantation to make the root file system writable is # mmoouunntt --uu //ddeevv//ssdd00aa // Your PROM might have been setup to instruct the boot program to load a file called _v_m_u_n_i_x. On OpenBoot PROM systems you can change it to load _n_e_t_b_s_d instead using the following commands: OpenBoot PROM 1 ok sseetteennvv bboooott--ffrroomm ssdd((00,,00,,00))nneettbbssdd OpenBoot PROM 2 ok sseetteennvv bboooott--ffiillee nneettbbssdd ok sseetteennvv bboooott--ddeevviiccee ddiisskk::aa _C_o_n_g_r_a_t_u_l_a_t_i_o_n_s, you have successfully installed NetBSD 9.1. PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with ssuunn for a local console, or whatever is appropriate for your serial console (some systems display garbage with a ssuunn termi- nal type, you may need to use ssuunn--ssss55) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com- mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend- ing on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro- ceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con- tinue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. 3. Select the proper terminal devices If you are using a serial console, you will have to edit the _/_e_t_c_/_t_t_y_s file and change sun to the appropri- ate terminal type, such as vt220. 4. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 5. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys- tem. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 6. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the _N_e_t_B_S_D _G_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll: 7. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec- essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. ++oo More information on the package system is available at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll ++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ccuurrrreenntt//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll ++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _s_p_a_r_c_/_9_._1_/_A_l_l subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the ssyyssiinnsstt post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_/_e_t_c_/_p_k_g_i_n_/_r_e_p_o_s_i_t_o_r_i_e_s_._c_o_n_f is cor- rectly configured, you can install them with the following commands: ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ttccsshh ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll bbaasshh ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ppeerrll ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll aappaacchhee ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll kkddee ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ffiirreeffooxx ... _N_o_t_e_: Some mirror sites don't mirror the _/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. ++oo If you did not install it from the ssyyssiinnsstt post- installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the file hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz. It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # ccdd //uussrr # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in the extraction directory (e.g., _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more information. 8. Misc ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 9.1 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need addi- tional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat- ing system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 9.1 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into _/_d_e_v, and run the command: # sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings stored in your _/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining configuration changes. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 9.1. Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default will be handled. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 9.1 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis- tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta- tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropos(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several cate- gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra- tive information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num- bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu- mentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of pos- sibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. See hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter- face at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro- priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage- ment. ++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. ++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. ++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. ++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss// (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver- ify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan- uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu- ment: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun- dation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun- dation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleoa. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleoa, Sweden and its contributors. This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Harvard University. This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. 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This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi- lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL- ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni- versity makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. TThhee EEnndd NetBSD/sparc 9.1 Oct 18, 2020 NetBSD/sparc 9.1