Publishing End-Site Prefix Lengths

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Internet service providers (ISPs) delegate IP addresses or entire IP prefixes to their users. Similarly, cloud providers assign customers who use their services such as virtual machines a prefix of a specific size. Therefore, there are countless variations of different end-site prefix length present in the Internet. Currently, there is no easy way for content providers to know the end-site prefix size of someone accessing their service. Knowing the correct end-site's prefix size has multiple implications such as:¶

• Blocklisting/throttling: In IPv4, IP addresses can be blocked at different prefix levels, such as /24 or /32. In IPv6 on the other hand, blocking at e.g. the /64 level could lead to overblocking (throwing multiple VMs from different users into the same bucket), while blocking at the e.g. /128 level would lead to filling up space in the blocklist pretty quickly. The same applies to throttling. [I-D.ietf-opsec-ipv6-addressing] recently also raised this issue.¶
• Rate limiting/CAPTCHAs: A similar issue arises on the Web, where "close" prefixes might be thrown together (e.g. in the same /56, even though the ISP hands out /64s), which leads to people "jointly" running into rate limits and then either being blocked from a service or having to solve annoying CAPTCHAs.¶
• Geolocation: Getting the right prefix size for IPv6 geolocation is similarly hard. If you aggregate too little, you throw together different clients in different locations, and if you aggregate too much, you fill up the geolocation database with unnecessary entries.¶

This document specifies how to augment the Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL) [RFC2725] inetnum: class to refer specifically to prefixlen data files and how to use them. In all places inetnum: is used, inet6num: should also be assumed [RFC4012].¶

The reader may find [INETNUM] and [INET6NUM] informative, and certainly more verbose, descriptions of the inetnum: database classes.¶

An optional means for authenticating prefixlen data is also defined in Section 6.¶

3. prefixlen Files

prefixlen files are CSV (Comma Separated Values) [RFC4180] files in UTF-8 [RFC3629] text format; not HTML, richtext, or other formats. Lines MUST be delimited by a line break (CRLF), and blank lines MUST be ignored. Text from a '#' character to the end of the current line MUST be treated as a comment only and is similarly ignored. The first field of each non-ignored line specifies the prefix in question and the second field the end-site prefix length within that prefix as an integer.¶

If an ISP delegates /56 IPv6 prefixes of the 2001:db8::/32 range, and /32 IPv4 prefixes (i.e. a single IPv4 address) of the 192.0.2.0/24 range to its customers, it would create a prefix length file containing the following example entries:¶

    2001:db8::/32,56
    192.0.2.0/24,32

If a cloud provider assigns /120 IPv6 prefixes to each customer VM and a /64 prefix to premium customers, it would create a prefix length file containing the following example entries:¶

    2001:db8::/32,120
    2001:db8:abcd::/48,64

Note that the second entry in the above example is a subprefix of the first entry. Therefore, longest prefix matching has to be taken into account when parsing prefixlen files.¶

prefixlen files can also be used to signal the presence of Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) [RFC6598] networks. This is especially useful for cases where multiple end-sites behind a CGN accessing a service at the same time might run into rate limiting issues by service providers. In case a prefixlen file signals the presence of a CGN, service providers can treat these prefixes in a way that rate limits are not triggered. To signal the presence of a CGN, a prefixlen file contains a prefix length field larger than the most specific prefix sizes, i.e., 32 for IPv4 and 128 for IPv6. Specifically, the prefix length field value is specified as prefix_length + log_2(number_of_cgn_end_sites). For example, a CGN prefix 192.0.2.0/24 containing 65,536 end sites would lead to a prefix length value of 24 + log_2(65536) = 24 + 16 = 40 and is specified as follows:¶

    192.0.2.0/24,40

Duplicate prefix entries MUST be considered an error, and consumer implementations SHOULD log the repeated entries for further administrative review. Publishers SHOULD take measures to ensure there is one and only one entry per prefix.¶

Content providers and other parties who wish to differentiate services based on end site prefixes need to find the relevant prefixlen data. In Section 4, this document specifies how to find the relevant prefixlen file given an IP address.¶

prefixlen data for large providers with significant horizontal scale and high granularity can be quite large. The size of a file can be even larger if an unsigned prefixlen file combines data for many prefixes, if dual IPv4/IPv6 spaces are represented, etc.¶

This document also suggests an optional signature to strongly authenticate the data in the prefixlen files.¶

4. inetnum: Class

The original RPSL specifications starting with [RIPE81], [RIPE181], and a trail of subsequent documents were written by the RIPE community. The IETF standardized RPSL in [RFC2622] and [RFC4012]. Since then, it has been modified and extensively enhanced in the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) community, mostly by RIPE [RIPE-DB]. At the time of publishing this document, change control of RPSL effectively lies in the operator community.¶

The RPSL, and [RFC2725] and [RFC4012] used by the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), specify the inetnum: database class. Each of these objects describes an IP address range and its attributes. The inetnum: objects form a hierarchy ordered on the address space.¶

Ideally, RPSL would be augmented to define a new RPSL prefixlen: attribute in the inetnum: class. Absent implementation of the prefixlen: attribute in a particular RIR database, this document defines the syntax of a prefixlen remarks: attribute, which contains an HTTPS URL of a prefixlen file. The format of the inetnum: prefixlen remarks: attribute MUST be as in this example, "remarks: Prefixlen ", where the token "prefixlen" MUST be case sensitive, followed by a URL that will vary, but it MUST refer only to a single prefixlen file.¶

    inetnum: 192.0.2.0/24 # example
    remarks: Prefixlen https://example.com/prefixlen

While we leave global agreement of RPSL modification to the relevant parties, we specify that a proper prefixlen: attribute in the inetnum: class MUST be "prefixlen:" and MUST be followed by a single URL that will vary, but it MUST refer only to a single prefixlen file.¶

    inetnum: 192.0.2.0/24 # example
    prefixlen: https://example.com/prefixlen

The URL uses HTTPS, so the WebPKI provides authentication, integrity, and confidentiality for the fetched prefixlen file. However, the WebPKI can not provide authentication of IP address space assignment. In contrast, the RPKI (see [RFC6481]) can be used to authenticate IP space assignment; see optional authentication in Section 6.¶

In addition to publishing the location of prefixlen files in WHOIS with the prefixlen: or remarks: approaches, there is currently a proposal being discussed to introduce a new RPSL attribute of type extref: for generic external references [I-D.ymbk-opsawg-rpsl-extref]. With this extref approach a prefixlen can be referenced as follows:¶

          inetnum: 192.0.2.0/24 # example
          extref: Prefixlen https://example.com/prefixlen

Until all producers of inetnum: objects, i.e., the RIRs, state that they have migrated to supporting a prefixlen: or extref: attribute, consumers looking at inetnum: objects to find prefixlen URLs MUST be able to consume the remarks:, prefixlen:, and extref: forms.¶

The migration not only implies that the RIRs support the prefixlen: or extref: attributes, but that all registrants have migrated any inetnum: objects from remarks: to prefixlen: or extref: attributes.¶

Any particular inetnum: object SHOULD have, at most, one prefixlen reference, whether a remarks:, extref:, or prefixlen: attribute when it is implemented. As the remarks: form can not be formally checked by the RIR, this can not be formally enforced. A prefixlen: or extref: attribute is preferred, of course, if the RIR supports it. If there is more than one type of attribute in the inetnum: object, the prefixlen: or extref: attributes MUST be used.¶

For inetnum:s covering the same address range, a signed prefixlen file MUST be preferred over an unsigned file. If none are signed, or more than one is signed, the (signed) inetnum: with the most recent last-modified: attribute MUST be preferred.¶

If a prefixlen file describes multiple disjoint ranges of IP address space, there are likely to be prefixlen references from multiple inetnum: objects. Files with prefixlen references from multiple inetnum: objects are not compatible with the signing procedure in Section 6.¶

An unsigned, and only an unsigned, prefixlen file MAY be referenced by multiple inetnum:s and MAY contain prefixes from more than one registry.¶

When fetching, the most specific inetnum: object with a prefixlen reference MUST be used.¶

It is significant that prefixlen data may have finer granularity than the inetnum: that refers to them. For example, an inetnum: object for an address range P could refer to a prefixlen file in which P has been subdivided into one or more longer prefixes.¶

5. Fetching prefixlen Data

This document is to provides a guideline for how interested parties should fetch and read prefixlen files.¶

To minimize the load on RIRs' WHOIS [RFC3912] services, the RIR's FTP [RFC0959] services SHOULD be used for large-scale access to gather inetnum:s with prefixlen references. This uses efficient bulk access instead of fetching via brute-force search through the IP space.¶

On the other hand, RIRs are converging on RDAP support which includes geofeed data, see [I-D.ietf-regext-rdap-geofeed]. It is hoped that this will be extended, or generalized, to support prefixlen data.¶

When reading data from an unsigned prefixlen file, one MUST ignore data outside the referring inetnum: object's address range. This is to avoid importing data about ranges not under the control of the operator. Note that signed files MUST only contain prefixes within the referring inetnum:'s range as mandated in Section 6.¶

If prefixlen files are fetched, other prefix length information from the inetnum: MUST be ignored.¶

Given an address range of interest, the most specific inetnum: object with a prefixlen reference MUST be used to fetch the prefixlen file. For example, if the fetching party finds the following inetnum: objects:¶

    inetnum: 192.0.0.0/22 # example
    remarks: Prefixlen https://example.com/prefixlen_1

    inetnum: 192.0.2.0/24 # example
    remarks: Prefixlen https://example.com/prefixlen_2

An application looking for prefixlen data for 192.0.2.0/29, MUST ignore data in prefixlen_1 because 192.0.2.0/29 is within the more specific 192.0.2.0/24 inetnum: covering that address range and that inetnum: does have a prefixlen reference.¶

6. Authenticating prefixlen Data (Optional)

The question arises whether a particular prefixlen [RFC8805] data set is valid, i.e., is authorized by the "owner" of the IP address space and is authoritative in some sense. The inetnum: that points to the prefixlen [RFC8805] file provides some assurance. Unfortunately, the RPSL in some repositories is weakly authenticated at best. An approach where RPSL was signed per [RFC7909] would be good, except it would have to be deployed by all RPSL registries, and there is a fair number of them.¶

The remainder of this section specifies an optional authenticator for the prefixlen data set that follows the Signed Object Template for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) [RFC6488].¶

A single optional authenticator MAY be appended to a prefixlen [RFC8805] file. It is a digest of the main body of the file signed by the private key of the relevant RPKI certificate for a covering address range. The following format bundles the relevant RPKI certificate with a signature over the prefixlen text.¶

The canonicalization procedure converts the data from their internal character representation to the UTF-8 [RFC3629] character encoding, and the <CRLF> sequence MUST be used to denote the end of each line of text. A blank line is represented solely by the <CRLF> sequence. For robustness, any non-printable characters MUST NOT be changed by canonicalization. Trailing blank lines MUST NOT appear at the end of the file. That is, the file must not end with multiple consecutive <CRLF> sequences. Any end-of-file marker used by an operating system is not considered to be part of the file content. When present, such end-of-file markers MUST NOT be covered by the digital signature.¶

If the authenticator is not in the canonical form described above, then, the authenticator is invalid.¶

Borrowing detached signatures from [RFC5485], after file canonicalization, the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [RFC5652] is used to create a detached DER-encoded signature that is then Base64 encoded with padding (as defined in Section 4 of [RFC4648]) and line wrapped to 72 or fewer characters. The same digest algorithm MUST be used for calculating the message digest of the content being signed, which is the prefixlen file, and for calculating the message digest on the SignerInfo SignedAttributes [RFC8933]. The message digest algorithm identifier MUST appear in both the CMS SignedData DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers and the SignerInfo DigestAlgorithmIdentifier [RFC5652]. The RPKI certificate covering the prefixlen inetnum: object's address range is included in the CMS SignedData certificates field [RFC5652].¶

The address range of the signing certificate MUST cover all prefixes in the signed prefixlen file. If not, the authenticator is invalid.¶

The signing certificate MUST NOT include the Autonomous System Identifier Delegation certificate extension [RFC3779]. If it is present, the authenticator is invalid.¶

As with many other RPKI signed objects, the IP Address Delegation certificate extension MUST NOT use the "inherit" capability defined in Section 2.2.3.5 of [RFC3779]. If "inherit" is used, the authenticator is invalid.¶

An IP Address Delegation extension using "inherit" would complicate processing. The implementation would have to build the certification path from the end-entity to the trust anchor, then validate the path from the trust anchor to the end-entity, and then the parameter would have to be remembered when the validated public key was used to validate a signature on a CMS object. Having to remember things from certification path validation for use with CMS object processing would be quite complex and error prone. And, the certificates do not get that much bigger by repeating the information.¶

An address range A "covers" address range B if the range of B is identical to or a subset of A. "Address range" is used here because inetnum: objects and RPKI certificates need not align on Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) [RFC4632] prefix boundaries, while those of the lines in a prefixlen file do align.¶

The Certification Authority (CA) SHOULD sign only one prefixlen file with each generated private key and SHOULD generate a new key pair for each new version of a perticular prefixlen file. The CA MUST generate a new End Entity (EE) certificate for each signing of a particular prefixlen file. An associated EE certificate used in this fashion is termed a "one-time-use" EE certificate (see Section 3 of [RFC6487]).¶

Identifying the private key associated with the certificate and getting the department that controls the private key (which might be stored in a Hardware Security Module (HSM)) to generate the CMS signature is left as an exercise for the implementor. On the other hand, verifying the signature has no similar complexity; the certificate, which is validated in the RPKI, contains the needed public key. The RPKI trust anchors for the RIRs are available to the party performing signature validation. Validation of the CMS signature over the prefixlen file involves:¶

1. Obtaining the signer's certificate from the CMS SignedData CertificateSet [RFC5652]. The certificate SubjectKeyIdentifier extension [RFC5280] MUST match the SubjectKeyIdentifier in the CMS SignerInfo SignerIdentifier [RFC5652]. If the key identifiers do not match, then validation MUST fail.¶
2. Validating the signer's certificate MUST ensure that it is part of the current [RFC9286] manifest and that all resources are covered by the RPKI certificate.¶
3. Construct and validate the certification path for the signer's certificate. All of the needed certificates are expected to be readily available in the RPKI repository. The certification path MUST be valid according to the validation algorithm in [RFC5280] and the additional checks specified in [RFC3779] associated with the IP Address Delegation certificate extension and the Autonomous System Identifier Delegation certificate extension. If certification path validation is unsuccessful, then validation MUST fail.¶
4. Validating the CMS SignedData as specified in [RFC5652] using the public key from the validated signer's certificate. If the signature validation is unsuccessful, then validation MUST fail.¶
5. Confirming that the eContentType object identifier (OID) is id-ct-prefixlenCSVwithCRLF (1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1.TBD). This OID MUST appear within both the eContentType in the encapContentInfo object and the ContentType signed attribute in the signerInfo object (see [RFC6488]).¶
6. Verifying that the IP Address Delegation certificate extension [RFC3779] covers all of the address ranges of the prefixlen file. If all of the address ranges are not covered, then validation MUST fail.¶

All of the above steps MUST be successful to consider the prefixlen file signature as valid.¶

The authenticator MUST be hidden as a series of "#" comments at the end of the prefixlen file. The following simple example is cryptographically incorrect:¶

    # RPKI Signature: 192.0.2.0 - 192.0.2.255
    # MIIGlwYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIGiDCCBoQCAQMxDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwDQYLKoZ
    # IhvcNAQkQAS+gggSxMIIErTCCA5WgAwIBAgIUJ605QIPX8rW5m4Zwx3WyuW7hZu
    ...
    # imwYkXpiMxw44EZqDjl36MiWsRDLdgoijBBcGbibwyAfGeR46k5raZCGvxG+4xa
    # O8PDTxTfIYwAnBjRBKAqAZ7yX5xHfm58jUXsZJ7Ileq1S7G6Kk=
    # End Signature: 192.0.2.0 - 192.0.2.255

A correct and full example is in Appendix A.¶

The CMS signature does not cover the signature lines.¶

The bracketing "# RPKI Signature:" and "# End Signature:" MUST be present as shown in the example. The RPKI Signature's IP address range MUST match that of the prefixlen URL in the inetnum: that points to the prefixlen file.¶

7. Operational Considerations

To create the needed inetnum: objects, an operator wishing to register the location of their prefixlen file needs to coordinate with their Regional Internet Registry (RIR) or National Internet Registry (NIR) and/or any provider Local Internet Registry (LIR) that has assigned address ranges to them. RIRs/NIRs provide means for assignees to create and maintain inetnum: objects. They also provide means of assigning or sub-assigning IP address resources and allowing the assignee to create WHOIS data, including inetnum: objects, thereby referring to prefixlen files.¶

The prefixlen files MUST be published via and fetched using HTTPS [RFC9110].¶

When using data from a prefixlen file, one MUST ignore data outside the referring inetnum: object's inetnum: attribute address range.¶

If and only if the prefixlen file is not signed per Section 6, then multiple inetnum: objects MAY refer to the same prefixlen file, and the consumer MUST use only lines in the prefixlen file where the prefix is covered by the address range of the inetnum: object's URL it has followed.¶

If the prefixlen file is signed, and the signer's certificate changes, the signature in the prefixlen file MUST be updated.¶

It is good key hygiene to use a given key for only one purpose. To dedicate a signing private key for signing a prefixlen file, an RPKI Certification Authority (CA) may issue a subordinate certificate exclusively for the purpose shown in Appendix A.¶

Harvesting and publishing aggregated prefixlen data outside of the RPSL model should be avoided as it can have the effect that more specifics from one aggregatee could undesirably affect the less specifics of a different aggregatee. Moreover, publishing aggregated prefixlen data prevents the reader of the data to perform the checks described in Section 5 and Section 6.¶

An anonymized version of bulk WHOIS data is openly available for all RIRs except ARIN, which requires an authorization. However, for users without such authorization, the same result can be achieved with extra RDAP effort. There is open-source code to pass over such data across all RIRs, collect all prefixlen references, and process them [PREFIXLEN-FINDER].¶

To prevent undue load on RPSL and prefixlen servers, entity-fetching prefixlen data using these mechanisms MUST NOT do frequent real-time lookups. prefixlen servers SHOULD send an HTTP Expires header [RFC7234] to signal when prefixlen data should be refetched. As the data change very infrequently, in the absence of such an HTTP Header signal, collectors SHOULD NOT fetch more frequently than weekly. It would be polite not to fetch at magic times such as midnight UTC, the first of the month, etc., because too many others are likely to do the same.¶

8. Implementation Status

At the time of publishing this document, the prefixlen: attribute in inetnum objects has not yet been implemented by any RIR database.¶

Registrants in databases which do not yet support the prefixlen: attribute are using the remarks:, or equivalent, attribute.¶

At the time of publishing this document, the registry data published by ARIN are not the same RPSL as that of the other registries (see [RFC7485] for a survey of the WHOIS Tower of Babel); therefore, when fetching from ARIN via FTP [RFC0959], WHOIS [RFC3912], the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) [RFC9082], etc., the "NetRange" attribute/key must be treated as "inetnum", and the "Comment" attribute must be treated as "remarks".¶

[rpki-client] can be used to authenticate a signed prefixlen file.¶

9. Security Considerations

The consumer of prefixlen data SHOULD fetch and process the data themselves. Importing datasets produced and/or processed by a third-party places significant trust in the third-party.¶

As mentioned in Section 6, some RPSL repositories have weak, if any, authentication. This allows spoofing of inetnum: objects pointing to malicious prefixlen files. Section 6 suggests an unfortunately complex method for stronger authentication based on the RPKI.¶

For example, if an inetnum: for a wide address range (e.g., a /16) points to an RPKI-signed prefixlen file, a customer or attacker could publish an unsigned equal or narrower (e.g., a /24) inetnum: in a WHOIS registry that has weak authorization, abusing the rule that the most-specific inetnum: object with a prefixlen reference MUST be used.¶

If signatures were mandatory, the above attack would be stymied, but of course that is not happening anytime soon.¶

The RPSL providers have had to throttle fetching from their servers due to too-frequent queries. Usually, they throttle by the querying IP address or block. Similar defenses will likely need to be deployed by prefixlen file servers.¶

As prefixlen files disclose which parts of a prefix belong to an end site, attackers could better focus DDoS traffic towards a website hosted by a cloud provider by overwhelming only IP addresses from that specific end site. Furthermore, information collected from prefixlen files could allow for more targeted IPv6 scanning/reconnaisance, where scanners (be it benevolent or malicious ones) can target specific sub-prefixes which they deem more interesting.¶

10. IANA Considerations

IANA is asked to register object identifiers for one content type in the "SMI Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type (1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1)" registry as follows:¶

Description             OID                         Specification
-----------------------------------------------------------------
id-ct-prefixlenCSVwithCRLF  1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1.47  [RFC-TBD]

In the SMI Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type (1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1) in the Structure of Management Information (SMI) Numbers (MIB Module Registrations) registry group located at: https://www.iana.org/assignments/smi-numbers/ there is no existing registration for prefixlen files yet. On publication of this document, that reference needs to be changed to the new [ RFC-to-be ].¶

11. Acknowledgments

Thanks to the authors of [RFC8805], [RFC9092], and [RFC9632] and the folk they acknowledge from whom ideas and text have been liberally expropriated.¶

Appendix A. Example

This appendix provides an example, including a trust anchor, a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) signed by the trust anchor, a CA certificate subordinate to the trust anchor, a CRL signed by the CA, an end-entity certificate subordinate to the CA for signing the prefixlen, and a detached signature.¶

The trust anchor is represented by a self-signed certificate. As usual in the RPKI, the trust anchor has authority over all IPv4 address blocks, all IPv6 address blocks, and all Autonomous Systam (AS) numbers.¶

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIEQTCCAymgAwIBAgIUEggycNoFVRjAuN/Fw7URu0DEZNAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL
   BQAwFTETMBEGA1UEAxMKZXhhbXBsZS10YTAeFw0yMzA5MTkyMDMzMzlaFw0zMzA5
   MTYyMDMzMzlaMBUxEzARBgNVBAMTCmV4YW1wbGUtdGEwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEB
   AQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDQprR+g/i4JyObVURTp1JpGM23vGPyE5fDKFPqV7rw
   M1Amm7cnew66U02IzV0X5oiv5nSGfRX5UxsbR+vwPBMceQyDgS5lexFiv4fB/Vjf
   DT2qX/UjsLL9QOeaSOh7ToJSLjmtpa0D9iz7ful3hdxRjpMMZiE/reX9/ymdpW/E
   dg0F6+T9WGZE1miPeIjl5OZwnmLHCftkN/aaYk1iPNjNniHYIOjC1jSpABmoZyTj
   sgrwLE2F1fIRkVkwASqToq/D5v9voXaYYaXUNJb4H/5wenRuvT5O/n6PXh70rMQy
   F5yzLs96ytxqg5gGX9kabVnvxFU8nHfPa0rhlwfTJnljAgMBAAGjggGHMIIBgzAd
   BgNVHQ4EFgQUwL1SXb7SeLIW7LOjQ5XSBguZCDIwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUwL1SXb7S
   eLIW7LOjQ5XSBguZCDIwDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAQYw
   GAYDVR0gAQH/BA4wDDAKBggrBgEFBQcOAjCBuQYIKwYBBQUHAQsEgawwgakwPgYI
   KwYBBQUHMAqGMnJzeW5jOi8vcnBraS5leGFtcGxlLm5ldC9yZXBvc2l0b3J5L2V4
   YW1wbGUtdGEubWZ0MDUGCCsGAQUFBzANhilodHRwczovL3JyZHAuZXhhbXBsZS5u
   ZXQvbm90aWZpY2F0aW9uLnhtbDAwBggrBgEFBQcwBYYkcnN5bmM6Ly9ycGtpLmV4
   YW1wbGUubmV0L3JlcG9zaXRvcnkvMCcGCCsGAQUFBwEHAQH/BBgwFjAJBAIAATAD
   AwEAMAkEAgACMAMDAQAwIQYIKwYBBQUHAQgBAf8EEjAQoA4wDDAKAgEAAgUA////
   /zANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAa9eLY9QAmnlZOIyOzbpta5wqcOUQV/yR7o/0
   1zkEZaSavKBt19lMK6AXZurx1T5jyjIwG7bEtZZThjtH2m80V5kc2tsFjSq/yp7N
   JBclMHVd3tXse9If3nXYF4bxRIcir1lXlAbYN+Eo1U3i5qJO+fxouzt7Merk2Dih
   nsenTeXKzN7tfmuCYZZHCC8viCoJWdH+o1uRM4TiQApZsUJ8sF4TABrrRJmA/Ed5
   v0CTBbgqTx7yg0+VarFLPdnjYgtpoCJqwE2C1UpX15rZSaLVuGXtbwXd/cHEg5vF
   W6QTsMeMQFEUa6hkicDGtxLTUdhckBgmCGoF2nlZii5f1BTWAg==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

The CRL issued by the trust anchor.¶

   -----BEGIN X509 CRL-----
   MIIBjjB4AgEBMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMBUxEzARBgNVBAMTCmV4YW1wbGUtdGEX
   DTIzMDkyMzE1NTUzOFoXDTIzMTAyMzE1NTUzOFqgLzAtMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFMC9
   Ul2+0niyFuyzo0OV0gYLmQgyMAoGA1UdFAQDAgEEMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IB
   AQCngOu+Nq3WC4y/pHtLoheAOtNg32WWsKPNiEyL+QalmOtURUsWMzOq41bmoPzQ
   NDQoRmXe9mvohAVRe0CnM7A07HOtSfjw5aoouPXGTtfwEomHG2CYk+2U1bvxgZyA
   E1c5TvyhkabFMO0+857wqxRP+ht9NV0lMX6kUFlEOCw3ELVd9oNNRBwKQtXj1huM
   6Sf26va2a1tnC5zP01hN+EY3S9T5T1gcgPGBcqRWKoXJEbRzCrLsb/TMj5cMpIje
   AHZoBojVAmvL1AIH/BnGAQj0+XqaJ0axHvlqJa8iX8QwKqhp+o6sv/atY2QDDRmE
   Yjq/VrBVKu5VsDY2Lr29HszA
   -----END X509 CRL-----

The CA certificate is issued by the trust anchor. This certificate grants authority over one IPv4 address block (192.0.2.0/24) and two AS numbers (64496 and 64497).¶

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIE7DCCA9SgAwIBAgIUcyCzS10hdfG65kbRq7toQAvRDLkwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL
   BQAwFTETMBEGA1UEAxMKZXhhbXBsZS10YTAeFw0yMzA5MjMxNTU1MzhaFw0yNDA5
   MjIxNTU1MzhaMDMxMTAvBgNVBAMTKDNBQ0UyQ0VGNEZCMjFCN0QxMUUzRTE4NEVG
   QzFFMjk3QjM3Nzg2NDIwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDc
   zz1qwTxC2ocw5rqp8ktm2XyYkl8riBVuqlXwfefTxsR2YFpgz9vkYUd5Az9EVEG7
   6wGIyZbtmhK63eEeaqbKz2GHub467498BXeVrYysO+YuIGgCEYKznNDZ4j5aaDbo
   j5+4/z0Qvv6HEsxQd0f8br6lKJwgeRM6+fm7796HNPB0aqD7Zj9NRCLXjbB0DCgJ
   liH6rXMKR86ofgll9V2mRjesvhdKYgkGbOif9rvxVpLJ/6zdru5CE9yeuJZ59l+n
   YH/r6PzdJ4Q7yKrJX8qD6A60j4+biaU4MQ72KpsjhQNTTqF/HRwi0N54GDaknEwE
   TnJQHgLJDYqww9yKWtjjAgMBAAGjggIUMIICEDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUOs4s70+yG30R
   4+GE78Hil7N3hkIwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUwL1SXb7SeLIW7LOjQ5XSBguZCDIwDwYD
   VR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAQYwGAYDVR0gAQH/BA4wDDAKBggr
   BgEFBQcOAjBDBgNVHR8EPDA6MDigNqA0hjJyc3luYzovL3Jwa2kuZXhhbXBsZS5u
   ZXQvcmVwb3NpdG9yeS9leGFtcGxlLXRhLmNybDBOBggrBgEFBQcBAQRCMEAwPgYI
   KwYBBQUHMAKGMnJzeW5jOi8vcnBraS5leGFtcGxlLm5ldC9yZXBvc2l0b3J5L2V4
   YW1wbGUtdGEuY2VyMIG5BggrBgEFBQcBCwSBrDCBqTA+BggrBgEFBQcwCoYycnN5
   bmM6Ly9ycGtpLmV4YW1wbGUubmV0L3JlcG9zaXRvcnkvZXhhbXBsZS1jYS5tZnQw
   NQYIKwYBBQUHMA2GKWh0dHBzOi8vcnJkcC5leGFtcGxlLm5ldC9ub3RpZmljYXRp
   b24ueG1sMDAGCCsGAQUFBzAFhiRyc3luYzovL3Jwa2kuZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQvcmVw
   b3NpdG9yeS8wHwYIKwYBBQUHAQcBAf8EEDAOMAwEAgABMAYDBADAAAIwIQYIKwYB
   BQUHAQgBAf8EEjAQoA4wDDAKAgMA+/ACAwD78TANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEA
   arIrZWb22wFmP+hVjhdg3IsKHB6fQdMuUR0u2DyZTVvbL6C+HyGAH32pi5mR/QLX
   FAfdqALaB7r68tQTGLIW6bGljT+BqUPJmZcj56x3cBLJlltxwFatTloypjFt3cls
   xFCuuD9J2iBxc6odTKi6u0mhQjD+C9m4xkbe8XXWWx85IHm1s6rYbpGgiMWxBC80
   qqAzmBHGROWKUEvh00EYIYdiAvyFcrj7QtDiRJL5TDOySVd9pWJkerDzhqwE1IaZ
   rpHck+lkYTS7jTD++6v32HG62GdsmryOQUk3aU1rLb3kS8vzaGbrgHpGPid0Hd0x
   ZSl1AoIMpp5mZ7/h9aW5+A==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

The CRL issued by the CA.¶

   -----BEGIN X509 CRL-----
   MIIBrTCBlgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADAzMTEwLwYDVQQDEygzQUNFMkNFRjRG
   QjIxQjdEMTFFM0UxODRFRkMxRTI5N0IzNzc4NjQyFw0yMzA5MjMxNTU1MzhaFw0y
   MzEwMjMxNTU1MzhaoC8wLTAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBQ6zizvT7IbfRHj4YTvweKXs3eG
   QjAKBgNVHRQEAwIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEACwCNzcAoqbMcUL1kBY65
   YhL95OnBqAcuc99pD4i9c1BmVOl7bXU3cJqLaOZ6Z8CmN0kBbcHyqlHBJ9oA/aYD
   ByhxsjzKk7jxtM2IlTpEvCEqvnGLSVihgS3h0NA+sgWqHGL3Rhcj6hVsi+j9GENc
   T6F9np1mxbI3i2xhgeDJG1pryvH0hWXh7yJiYS8ItNEaIIXDT3szK/J9wnPjukTR
   5MITiK9P3TCFujawb3O7rIT5PPgkM6eiCdwDgt6gjmw6cow5+rMjNHSRa+GOviSd
   gXljVDfJvF4tKHmw59Jc2aFnSGfX1/ITDNiNfXYpUYFOcsqxkYf8F0uO7AtbRmTF
   2w==
   -----END X509 CRL-----

The end-entity certificate is issued by the CA. This certificate grants signature authority for one IPv4 address block (192.0.2.0/24). Signature authority for AS numbers is not needed for prefixlen data signatures, so no AS numbers are included in the end-entity certificate.¶

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIEVjCCAz6gAwIBAgIUJ605QIPX8rW5m4Zwx3WyuW7hZvAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL
   BQAwMzExMC8GA1UEAxMoM0FDRTJDRUY0RkIyMUI3RDExRTNFMTg0RUZDMUUyOTdC
   Mzc3ODY0MjAeFw0yMzA5MjMxNTU1MzhaFw0yNDA3MTkxNTU1MzhaMDMxMTAvBgNV
   BAMTKDkxNDY1MkEzQkQ1MUMxNDQyNjAxOTg4ODlGNUM0NUFCRjA1M0ExODcwggEi
   MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCycTQrOb/qB2W3i3Ki8PhA/DEW
   yii2TgGo9pgCwO9lsIRI6Zb/k+aSiWWP9kSczlcQgtPCVwr62hTQZCIowBN0BL0c
   K0/5k1imJdi5qdM3nvKswM8CnoR11vB8pQFwruZmr5xphXRvE+mzuJVLgu2V1upm
   BXuWloeymudh6WWJ+GDjwPXO3RiXBejBrOFNXhaFLe08y4DPfr/S/tXJOBm7QzQp
   tmbPLYtGfprYu45liFFqqP94UeLpISfXd36AKGzqTFCcc3EW9l5UFE1MFLlnoEog
   qtoLoKABt0IkOFGKeC/EgeaBdWLe469ddC9rQft5w6g6cmxG+aYDdIEB34zrAgMB
   AAGjggFgMIIBXDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUkUZSo71RwUQmAZiIn1xFq/BToYcwHwYDVR0j
   BBgwFoAUOs4s70+yG30R4+GE78Hil7N3hkIwDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgeAMBgGA1Ud
   IAEB/wQOMAwwCgYIKwYBBQUHDgIwYQYDVR0fBFowWDBWoFSgUoZQcnN5bmM6Ly9y
   cGtpLmV4YW1wbGUubmV0L3JlcG9zaXRvcnkvM0FDRTJDRUY0RkIyMUI3RDExRTNF
   MTg0RUZDMUUyOTdCMzc3ODY0Mi5jcmwwbAYIKwYBBQUHAQEEYDBeMFwGCCsGAQUF
   BzAChlByc3luYzovL3Jwa2kuZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQvcmVwb3NpdG9yeS8zQUNFMkNF
   RjRGQjIxQjdEMTFFM0UxODRFRkMxRTI5N0IzNzc4NjQyLmNlcjAfBggrBgEFBQcB
   BwEB/wQQMA4wDAQCAAEwBgMEAMAAAjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAlxt25FUe
   e0+uCidTH+4p7At3u2ncgHcGTsag3UcoPjcE/I1JgQJRu9TiM4iNB1C7Lbdd131g
   MdliL5GQ3P4QfKnfkuPR6S1V8suq6ZT1KQRyLJx+EPgDN2rb/iji0TOK6RKPNBdG
   lXVLjth4x/uu1O4V54GLEhDAPQC8IUm5intL/Hx1M1x2ptN/+j5HD3XUXd3x13yi
   s6u758nbA7ND40JNhGG5JNGQgDchL4IQzIhylMNC+bKUiyyMHz3MqoVAklIB86IW
   Ucv72Mekq+i46T/w3RnaGn4x7RAJctVJWw3e5YMrFnQcuuaGOs0QcoxW7Bi4W7Eg
   8fK1fd/f6fjZ9w==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

The end-entity certificate is displayed below in detail. For brevity, the other two certificates are not.¶

      0 1110: SEQUENCE {
      4  830:  SEQUENCE {
      8    3:   [0] {
     10    1:    INTEGER 2
            :     }
     13   20:   INTEGER
            :    27 AD 39 40 83 D7 F2 B5 B9 9B 86 70 C7 75 B2 B9
            :    6E E1 66 F0
     35   13:   SEQUENCE {
     37    9:    OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :     sha256WithRSAEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 11)
     48    0:    NULL
            :     }
     50   51:   SEQUENCE {
     52   49:    SET {
     54   47:     SEQUENCE {
     56    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
     61   40:      PrintableString
            :       '3ACE2CEF4FB21B7D11E3E184EFC1E297B3778642'
            :       }
            :      }
            :     }
    103   30:   SEQUENCE {
    105   13:    UTCTime 23/09/2023 15:55:38 GMT
    120   13:    UTCTime 19/07/2024 15:55:38 GMT
            :     }
    135   51:   SEQUENCE {
    137   49:    SET {
    139   47:     SEQUENCE {
    141    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
    146   40:      PrintableString
            :       '914652A3BD51C144260198889F5C45ABF053A187'
            :       }
            :      }
            :     }
    188  290:   SEQUENCE {
    192   13:    SEQUENCE {
    194    9:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :      rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
    205    0:     NULL
            :      }
    207  271:    BIT STRING, encapsulates {
    212  266:     SEQUENCE {
    216  257:      INTEGER
            :      00 B2 71 34 2B 39 BF EA 07 65 B7 8B 72 A2 F0 F8
            :      40 FC 31 16 CA 28 B6 4E 01 A8 F6 98 02 C0 EF 65
            :      B0 84 48 E9 96 FF 93 E6 92 89 65 8F F6 44 9C CE
            :      57 10 82 D3 C2 57 0A FA DA 14 D0 64 22 28 C0 13
            :      74 04 BD 1C 2B 4F F9 93 58 A6 25 D8 B9 A9 D3 37
            :      9E F2 AC C0 CF 02 9E 84 75 D6 F0 7C A5 01 70 AE
            :      E6 66 AF 9C 69 85 74 6F 13 E9 B3 B8 95 4B 82 ED
            :      95 D6 EA 66 05 7B 96 96 87 B2 9A E7 61 E9 65 89
            :      F8 60 E3 C0 F5 CE DD 18 97 05 E8 C1 AC E1 4D 5E
            :      16 85 2D ED 3C CB 80 CF 7E BF D2 FE D5 C9 38 19
            :      BB 43 34 29 B6 66 CF 2D 8B 46 7E 9A D8 BB 8E 65
            :      88 51 6A A8 FF 78 51 E2 E9 21 27 D7 77 7E 80 28
            :      6C EA 4C 50 9C 73 71 16 F6 5E 54 14 4D 4C 14 B9
            :      67 A0 4A 20 AA DA 0B A0 A0 01 B7 42 24 38 51 8A
            :      78 2F C4 81 E6 81 75 62 DE E3 AF 5D 74 2F 6B 41
            :      FB 79 C3 A8 3A 72 6C 46 F9 A6 03 74 81 01 DF 8C
            :      EB
    477    3:      INTEGER 65537
            :       }
            :      }
            :     }
    482  352:   [3] {
    486  348:    SEQUENCE {
    490   29:     SEQUENCE {
    492    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :       subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
    497   22:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
    499   20:       OCTET STRING
            :      91 46 52 A3 BD 51 C1 44 26 01 98 88 9F 5C 45 AB
            :      F0 53 A1 87
            :        }
            :       }
    521   31:     SEQUENCE {
    523    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :       authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
    528   24:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
    530   22:       SEQUENCE {
    532   20:        [0]
            :      3A CE 2C EF 4F B2 1B 7D 11 E3 E1 84 EF C1 E2 97
            :      B3 77 86 42
            :         }
            :        }
            :       }
    554   14:     SEQUENCE {
    556    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
    561    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
    564    4:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
    566    2:       BIT STRING 7 unused bits
            :        '1'B (bit 0)
            :        }
            :       }
    570   24:     SEQUENCE {
    572    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER certificatePolicies (2 5 29 32)
    577    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
    580   14:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
    582   12:       SEQUENCE {
    584   10:        SEQUENCE {
    586    8:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :          resourceCertificatePolicy (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 14 2)
            :          }
            :         }
            :        }
            :       }
    596   97:     SEQUENCE {
    598    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :       cRLDistributionPoints (2 5 29 31)
    603   90:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
    605   88:       SEQUENCE {
    607   86:        SEQUENCE {
    609   84:         [0] {
    611   82:          [0] {
    613   80:           [6]
            :          'rsync://rpki.example.net/repository/3ACE'
            :          '2CEF4FB21B7D11E3E184EFC1E297B3778642.crl'
            :            }
            :           }
            :          }
            :         }
            :        }
            :       }
    695  108:     SEQUENCE {
    697    8:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :       authorityInfoAccess (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 1 1)
    707   96:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
    709   94:       SEQUENCE {
    711   92:        SEQUENCE {
    713    8:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :          caIssuers (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 48 2)
    723   80:         [6]
            :          'rsync://rpki.example.net/repository/3ACE'
            :          '2CEF4FB21B7D11E3E184EFC1E297B3778642.cer'
            :          }
            :         }
            :        }
            :       }
    805   31:     SEQUENCE {
    807    8:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :       ipAddrBlocks (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 1 7)
    817    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
    820   16:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
    822   14:       SEQUENCE {
    824   12:        SEQUENCE {
    826    2:         OCTET STRING 00 01
    830    6:         SEQUENCE {
    832    4:          BIT STRING
            :           '010000000000000000000011'B
            :           }
            :          }
            :         }
            :        }
            :       }
            :      }
            :     }
            :    }
    838   13:  SEQUENCE {
    840    9:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
            :    sha256WithRSAEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 11)
    851    0:   NULL
            :    }
    853  257:  BIT STRING
            :   97 1B 76 E4 55 1E 7B 4F AE 0A 27 53 1F EE 29 EC
            :   0B 77 BB 69 DC 80 77 06 4E C6 A0 DD 47 28 3E 37
            :   04 FC 8D 49 81 02 51 BB D4 E2 33 88 8D 07 50 BB
            :   2D B7 5D D7 7D 60 31 D9 62 2F 91 90 DC FE 10 7C
            :   A9 DF 92 E3 D1 E9 2D 55 F2 CB AA E9 94 F5 29 04
            :   72 2C 9C 7E 10 F8 03 37 6A DB FE 28 E2 D1 33 8A
            :   E9 12 8F 34 17 46 95 75 4B 8E D8 78 C7 FB AE D4
            :   EE 15 E7 81 8B 12 10 C0 3D 00 BC 21 49 B9 8A 7B
            :   4B FC 7C 75 33 5C 76 A6 D3 7F FA 3E 47 0F 75 D4
            :   5D DD F1 D7 7C A2 B3 AB BB E7 C9 DB 03 B3 43 E3
            :   42 4D 84 61 B9 24 D1 90 80 37 21 2F 82 10 CC 88
            :   72 94 C3 42 F9 B2 94 8B 2C 8C 1F 3D CC AA 85 40
            :   92 52 01 F3 A2 16 51 CB FB D8 C7 A4 AB E8 B8 E9
            :   3F F0 DD 19 DA 1A 7E 31 ED 10 09 72 D5 49 5B 0D
            :   DE E5 83 2B 16 74 1C BA E6 86 3A CD 10 72 8C 56
            :   EC 18 B8 5B B1 20 F1 F2 B5 7D DF DF E9 F8 D9 F7
            :   }

To allow reproduction of the signature results, the end-entity private key is provided. For brevity, the other two private keys are not.¶

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEpQIBAAKCAQEAsnE0Kzm/6gdlt4tyovD4QPwxFsootk4BqPaYAsDvZbCESOmW
   /5Pmkollj/ZEnM5XEILTwlcK+toU0GQiKMATdAS9HCtP+ZNYpiXYuanTN57yrMDP
   Ap6EddbwfKUBcK7mZq+caYV0bxPps7iVS4LtldbqZgV7lpaHsprnYellifhg48D1
   zt0YlwXowazhTV4WhS3tPMuAz36/0v7VyTgZu0M0KbZmzy2LRn6a2LuOZYhRaqj/
   eFHi6SEn13d+gChs6kxQnHNxFvZeVBRNTBS5Z6BKIKraC6CgAbdCJDhRingvxIHm
   gXVi3uOvXXQva0H7ecOoOnJsRvmmA3SBAd+M6wIDAQABAoIBAQCyB0FeMuKm8bRo
   18aKjFGSPEoZi53srIz5bvUgIi92TBLez7ZnzL6Iym26oJ+5th+lCHGO/dqlhXio
   pI50C5Yc9TFbblb/ECOsuCuuqKFjZ8CD3GVsHozXKJeMM+/o5YZXQrORj6UnwT0z
   ol/JE5pIGUCIgsXX6tz9s5BP3lUAvVQHsv6+vEVKLxQ3wj/1vIL8O/CN036EV0GJ
   mpkwmygPjfECT9wbWo0yn3jxJb36+M/QjjUP28oNIVn/IKoPZRXnqchEbuuCJ651
   IsaFSqtiThm4WZtvCH/IDq+6/dcMucmTjIRcYwW7fdHfjplllVPve9c/OmpWEQvF
   t3ArWUt5AoGBANs4764yHxo4mctLIE7G7l/tf9bP4KKUiYw4R4ByEocuqMC4yhmt
   MPCfOFLOQet71OWCkjP2L/7EKUe9yx7G5KmxAHY6jOjvcRkvGsl6lWFOsQ8p126M
   Y9hmGzMOjtsdhAiMmOWKzjvm4WqfMgghQe+PnjjSVkgTt+7BxpIuGBAvAoGBANBg
   26FF5cDLpixOd3Za1YXsOgguwCaw3Plvi7vUZRpa/zBMELEtyOebfakkIRWNm07l
   nE+lAZwxm+29PTD0nqCFE91teyzjnQaLO5kkAdJiFuVV3icLOGo399FrnJbKensm
   FGSli+3KxQhCNIJJfgWzq4bE0ioAMjdGbYXzIYQFAoGBAM6tuDJ36KDU+hIS6wu6
   O2TPSfZhF/zPo3pCWQ78/QDb+Zdw4IEiqoBA7F4NPVLg9Y/H8UTx9r/veqe7hPOo
   Ok7NpIzSmKTHkc5XfZ60Zn9OLFoKbaQ40a1kXoJdWEu2YROaUlAe9F6/Rog6PHYz
   vLE5qscRbu0XQhLkN+z7bg5bAoGBAKDsbDEb/dbqbyaAYpmwhH2sdRSkphg7Niwc
   DNm9qWa1J6Zw1+M87I6Q8naRREuU1IAVqqWHVLr/ROBQ6NTJ1Uc5/qFeT2XXUgkf
   taMKv61tuyjZK3sTmznMh0HfzUpWjEhWnCEuB+ZYVdmO52ZGw2A75RdrILL2+9Dc
   PvDXVubRAoGAdqXeSWoLxuzZXzl8rsaKrQsTYaXnOWaZieU1SL5vVe8nK257UDqZ
   E3ng2j5XPTUWli+aNGFEJGRoNtcQvO60O/sFZUhu52sqq9mWVYZNh1TB5aP8X+pV
   iFcZOLUvQEcN6PA+YQK5FU11rAI1M0Gm5RDnVnUl0L2xfCYxb7FzV6Y=
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Signing of "192.0.2.0/24,US,WA,Seattle," (terminated by CR and LF), yields the following detached CMS signature.¶

   # RPKI Signature: 192.0.2.0/24
   # MIIGQAYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIGMTCCBi0CAQMxDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwDQYLKoZ
   # IhvcNAQkQAS+gggRaMIIEVjCCAz6gAwIBAgIUJ605QIPX8rW5m4Zwx3WyuW7hZv
   # AwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwMzExMC8GA1UEAxMoM0FDRTJDRUY0RkIyMUI3RDExR
   # TNFMTg0RUZDMUUyOTdCMzc3ODY0MjAeFw0yMzA5MjMxNTU1MzhaFw0yNDA3MTkx
   # NTU1MzhaMDMxMTAvBgNVBAMTKDkxNDY1MkEzQkQ1MUMxNDQyNjAxOTg4ODlGNUM
   # 0NUFCRjA1M0ExODcwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCycT
   # QrOb/qB2W3i3Ki8PhA/DEWyii2TgGo9pgCwO9lsIRI6Zb/k+aSiWWP9kSczlcQg
   # tPCVwr62hTQZCIowBN0BL0cK0/5k1imJdi5qdM3nvKswM8CnoR11vB8pQFwruZm
   # r5xphXRvE+mzuJVLgu2V1upmBXuWloeymudh6WWJ+GDjwPXO3RiXBejBrOFNXha
   # FLe08y4DPfr/S/tXJOBm7QzQptmbPLYtGfprYu45liFFqqP94UeLpISfXd36AKG
   # zqTFCcc3EW9l5UFE1MFLlnoEogqtoLoKABt0IkOFGKeC/EgeaBdWLe469ddC9rQ
   # ft5w6g6cmxG+aYDdIEB34zrAgMBAAGjggFgMIIBXDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUkUZSo71R
   # wUQmAZiIn1xFq/BToYcwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUOs4s70+yG30R4+GE78Hil7N3hkI
   # wDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgeAMBgGA1UdIAEB/wQOMAwwCgYIKwYBBQUHDgIwYQYDVR
   # 0fBFowWDBWoFSgUoZQcnN5bmM6Ly9ycGtpLmV4YW1wbGUubmV0L3JlcG9zaXRvc
   # nkvM0FDRTJDRUY0RkIyMUI3RDExRTNFMTg0RUZDMUUyOTdCMzc3ODY0Mi5jcmww
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   # End Signature: 192.0.2.0/24

Authors' Addresses